Contents
 
BOY'S MANUAL OF SEAMANSHIP AND GUNNERY


Weights & Measures
   

Division of the Circle.

60 Seconds

1 Minute.

60 Minutes

1 Degree.

360 Degrees

1 Circumference.

4 Minutes of Time

= 1 Degree of Longitude.

15 Degrees

= 1 Hour.

Time.

60 Seconds

1 Minute.

60 Minutes

1 Hour.

24 Hours

1 Mean Solar Day.

7 Days

1 Week.

28 Days

1 Lunar Month.

12 Calendar Months (365 Days)

1 Civil Year.

365 Days, 5 Hours, 48 Minutes, 47.6352 Seconds

1 Solar Year.

Money.

4 Farthings =

1 Penny.

20 Shillings =

1 Pound.

12 Pence =

1 Shilling.

21 Shillings =

1 Guinea.


NOTE.-

 

dwts.

grs.

A Sovereign - ......

weighs

5

3 1/6 7/2 1/3 Troy

A Half-Sovereign - ......

"

2

13 3/6 9/2 7/3

A Crown - ......

"

18

4 4/11

A Half-Crown - ......

"

9

2 2/11

A Shilling - ......

"

3

15 3/11

A Sixpence - ......

"

1

19 7/11

A Fourpenny Piece - ......

"

1

5 1/11

A Threepenny Piece - ......

"

0

21 9/11

WEIGHTS

Troy.*

24 Grains

1 Pennyweight.

20 Pennyweights

1 Ounce.

12 Ounces

1 Pound.

 

*Used for the precious metals and in Philosophical experiments. Diamonds and other precious atones are weighed by carats of 3 1/6- grs. 151 1/2 carats are equal to an ounce Troy..

NOTE.-By an Act of Parliament (5 George IV., c. 74), it was enjoined that the standard of weight for the Kingdom should henceforward be the Imperial pound Troy of 5760-grs, and that in case the standard should be lost injured it or might be recovered from the knowledge of the fact, that a cubic inch of distilled water, at a temperature of 62° Fahrenheit, and when the barometer is at 30-in., weighs 252-458 of these grains.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Avoirdupois.*

27.34375 Troy Grains.

1 Drachm

16 Drachms

1 Ounce.

16 Ounces

1 Pound.

14 Pounds

1 Stone.

28 Pounds

1 Quarter.

4 Quarters.

1 Hundredweight

20 Hundredweight

1 Ton,

*Used for all ordinary Goods.

NOTE.-By the before-mentioned Act, it is provided that the Pound Avoirdupois shall consist of 7000 Grains Troy.

Apothecaries.

20 Grains

1 Scruple.

3 Scruples

1 Drachm.

8 Drachms

1 Ounce.

12 Ounces

1 Pound.

By this Weight only, Apothecaries compound their Medicines; but Drugs are bought and sold by Avoirdupois Weight.

NOTE.-The Grain, Ounce, and Pound, are the same as in Troy Weight.

480 Minims, or Drops =

1 Fluid Ounce.

20 Ounces =

1 Pint.

8 Pints =

1 Gallon.

8750 Grains of Distilled Water =

1 Imperial Pint.

437.5 Ditto Ditto . =

1 Imperial Fluid Ounce.

MEASURES

Wine Measure.

4 Gills

1 Pint.

2 Pints

1 Quart.

4 Quarts

1 Gallon.

10 Gallons

1 Anker.

18 Gallons

1 Runlet.

42 Gallons

1 Tierce.

63 Gallons

1 Hogshead.

84 Gallons

1 Puncheon.

126 Gallons

1 Pipe.

252 Gallons

1 Tun.

Ale Measure.

4 Gills

1 Pint.

2 Pints

1 Quart.

4 Quarts

1 Gallon.

9 Gallons

1 Firkin.

18 Gallons

1 Kilderkin.

36 Gallons

1 Barrel.

54 Gallons

1 Hogshead.

72 Gallons

1 Puncheon.

108 Gallons

1 Butt.

Dry Measure.

2 Imperial Gallons,

1 Peck.

4 Pecks

1 Bushel.

8 Bushels

1 Quarter.

32 Bushels

1 Chaldron.

40 Bushels

1 Wey, or Load,

8 Bushels

1 Last.

Measure of Solidity, or Cubic Measure.

1728 Cubic inches

1 Cubic Foot

2200 Cylindrical Inches (nearly)

3300 Spherical Inches (nearly)

6600 Conical Inches (nearly)

27 Cubic Feet

1 Cubic Yard.

1357.17 Cubic Inches

1 Cylindrical Foot.

904.78 Cubic Inches

1 Spherical Foot.

459.39 Cubic Inches

1 Conical Foot.

NOTE.-A Cubic Inch is a cube 1-in. square; a Cylindrical Inch is a cylinder 1-in. long and 1-in. in diameter; a Spherical Inch is a sphere 1-in. in diameter; and a Conical Inch is a Cone 1-in. in length, and 1-in. in diameter at the base.

Measure of Surface, or Square Measure.

144 Square Inches

1 Square Foot.

9 Square Feet

1 Square Yard.

30 ¼ Square Yards

1 Square Pole.

40 Square Poles .

1 Square Rood.

4 Roods (4840 Sq. Yards).

1 Statute Acre.

640 Acres

1 Square Mile.

6084 Square Yards

1 Scotch Acre.

7840 Square Yards

1 Irish or Plantation Acre.

113.0972 Square Inches

1 Circular Foot.

183.346 Circular Inches

1 Square Foot.

NOTE.-A Circular Foot is a circle whose diameter is One Foot.

Superficial Measure for Land.

62.7264 Square Inches

1 Square Link.

10000 Square Links

1 Square Chain.

10 Square Chains

1 Acre.

Measure of Length.

12 Lines

1 Inch.

12 Inches

1 Foot

3 Feet

1 Yard.

5 ½ Yards

1 Pole, Rod, or Perch.

40 Poles

1 Furlong.

8 Furlongs (1760 Yards)

1 Mile.

2240 Yards

1 Irish Mile.

14 English Miles

11 Irish Miles.

3 Miles

1 League.

Miscellaneous

3 Inches

1 Palm.

4 Inches

1 Hand.

9 Inches

1 Span.

18 Inches

1 Cubit.

5 Feet

1 Pace.

6 Feet

1 Fathom.

120 Fathoms (strictly 126½ fathoms)

1 Cable's Length.

8 Cables' Lengths

1 Nautical Mile.

600 Square Feet of Inch Boards

1 Load.

40 Cubic Feet of Round Timber

1 Ton, or Load.

50 Cubic Feet of Hewn Timber

1000 Billets, or

1 Cord of Wood.

8 Cubic Feet, or

10 Hundredweight

108 Cubic Feet

1 Stack of Wood.

630 Pounds, or

1 Fathom of Wood

6-ft. x 6-ft. x 2-ft.

84 Pounds

1 Bushel of Coals.

2 Hundredweight

1 Sack of Coals.

10 Sacks (42-ins. x 30-ins.)

1 Ton of Coals.

53 Hundredweight

1 Chaldron of Coal (Newcastle).

112 Pounds

1 Sack.

40 Cubic Feet

1 Ton of Shipping

8 Pounds of Meat or Fish

1 Stone.

56 Pounds of Butter

1 Firkin.


250 Pounds of Hops, Kentish

1 Pocket.

112 Pounds of Hops, Surrey and Sussex

236 Gallons of Sweet Oil

1 Ton

252 Gallons of Fish


I Acre Scotch, 1.271 Acres English, or

6084

Square Yards.

1 Acre Irish, 1.638 Acres English, or

7840

Square Yards.

1 Barrel, Imperial Measure

9981.86

Cubic Inches.

1 Barrel of Soap

256

Pounds.

1 Bushel, Imperial Measure

2218.19

Cubic Inches.

1 Bushel, Winchester

2150.42

Cubic Inches.

1 Bushel of Barley

50

Pounds.

1 Bushel of Coal

88

Pounds:

1 Bushel of Flour or Salt

56

Pounds.

1 Bushel of Oats

40

Pounds.

I Bushel of Wheat

60

Pounds.

I Chain

100

Links.

1 Clove of Wool

7

Pounds.

1 Fodder of Lead-Stockton

22

Hundredweight.

1 Fodder of Lead-Newcastle

21

Hundredweight.

1 Fodder of Lead-London

19 ½

Hundredweight.

1 Gallon, Imperial Measure

277.27

Cubic Inches.

1 Gallon of Distilled Water, 60°

10

Pounds.

1 Gallon of Proof Spirit or Oil.

9.3

Pounds.

1 Gallon, former Wine Measure

231

Cubic Inches.

1 Gallon, former Ale Measure

283

Cubic Inches.

1 Gallon, Irish Measure

217.6

Cubic Inches.

1 League

3

Miles.

1 Geographical Mile

1.15

English Miles.

1 Geographical Degree

19.12

English Miles.

1 Nautical Mile (mean)

6075.5

Feet.

1 Gross

12

Dozen.

1 Great Gross

12

Gross.

1 Hand

4

Inches.

1 Hundred of Deals

120

In Number.

I Hundred of Nails

120

In Number.

1 Hundred of Salt

7

Lasts.

I Last of Salt

18

Barrels.

1 Last of Gunpowder

24

Barrels.

I Last of Potash, Soap, Pitch, or Tar

12

Barrels.

1 Last of Flax or Feathers

17

Hundredweight.

1 Link

7.92

Inches.

1 Line

1/12th

of an Inch.

1 Load of Bricks

500

In Number.


I Load of Corn

40

Bushels.

1 Load of Hay or Straw

36

Trusses.

1 Load of Lime

32

Bushels.

1 Load of Planks (2-inch)

300

Square Feet.

1 Load of Sand .

36

Bushels.

1 Load of Timber (Squared)

50

Cubic Feet.

1 Load of Timber (Unhewed)

40

Cubic Feet.

1 Mile

80

Chains.

1 Pack of Wool

240

Pounds.

I Palm

3

Inches.

I Pole - Woodland

18

Feet.

1 Pole - Plantation

21

Feet.

1 Pole - Cheshire

24

Feet.

1 Sack of Wool

364

Pounds.

1 Seam of Glass

124

Pounds

1 Cubit

18

Inches.

1 Span

9

Inches.

1 Military Pace

5

Feet.

Cloth Measure

2 ¼

Inches

I Nail.

4

Nails

I Quarter.

4

Quarters

1 Yard.

3

Quarters

1 Flemish Ell.

5

Quarters

1 English Ell.

6

Quarters

I French Ell.

RELATIVE VALUE OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

 

Weights.

 

French.

 

British.

Gramme

15.434

Grains.

Décigramme

1.5434

Grains.

Centigramme

0.15434

Grains.

Milligramme

0.015434.

Grains

Decagramme

154.34

Grains.

Hectogramme

3.527

Ounces Avoirdupois, or

3.2154

Ounces Troy.

Kilogramme

2.6795

Pounds Troy, or

2.2048

Pounds Avoirdupois,

Myriagramme

26.795

Pounds Troy, or

22.048

Pounds Avoirdupois.

Quintal

1 Cwt ; 3 qrs.; 242 lbs.

Millier, or Bar

9 Tons ; 16 cwt.; 3 qrs.; 12 lbs.

Measures of Capacity

Litre*

61.028 Cubic Inches or

1,761 Imperial Pints.

Décilitre

6.1928 Cubic Inches.

Centilitre

0.6103 Cubic Inches.

Millilitre

0.0610 Cubic Inches.

Decalitre

610.28 Cubic Inches, or

2.2 Imperial Gallons.

Hectolitre

3.5317 Cubic Feet, or

2.75 Imperial Bushels.

Kilolitre

35.317 Cubic Feet.

Myrialitre

353.17 Cubic Feet.

* The Litre = a Cubic Décimètre.

Measures of Length.

Mètre

39.371

Inches.

Décimètre

3.9371

Inches.

Centimètre

0.39371

Inches.

Millimètre

0.0393'71

Inches.

Décamètre

32.809

Feet.

Hectomètre

328.09

Feet.

Kilomètre

1093.6

Yards.

Myriamètre

6.2138

Miles.

Measure of Superficies

Are †

119.60

Square Yards.

Déciare

11.960

Square Yards.

Centiare

10.764

Square Feet.

Milliare

155.00

Square Inches.

Décare

1196.0

Square Yards.

Hectare

2.4712

Acres.

† The Are = A Square Décimètre

Measures of Solidity.

Stère ‡

35.317

Cubic Feet.

Décistère

3.5317

Cubic Feet.

Centistère

610.28

Cubic Inches.

Millistère

61.028

Cubic Inches.

Décastère

13.080

Cubic Yards.

Hectostère

130.80

Cubic Yards.

‡ The Stere - A Cubic Metre.

NOTE.-The Décimètre Centimètre and Millimètre are respectively formed by dividing the Mitre by 10, 100, and 1,000; and the Décamètre, Hectomètre Kilomètre, and Myriamètre by multiplying the Mètre by 10, 100, 1,000 and 10 000. The other Measures and Weights of the Decimal System are formed in a like manner from their respective Units.

Foreign Measures with their English equivalents

COUNTRY Name of Measure Equal to 100 English Feet COUNTRY Name of Measure Equal to 100 English Feet
Amsterdam Foot 107.71 Naples Palmo. 115.60

Antwerp

Foot.

106.76

Prussia

Foot.

97.16

China

Foot.

94.41

Riga

Foot.

111.21

Copenhagen

Foot.

97.16

Russia

Foot.

87.27

Dantzic

Foot.

106.19

Sardinia

Palmo.

122.69

France

Foot.

91.46

Sicily

Palmo.

125.91

Genoa

Foot.

123.45

Spain

Foot.

107.91

Hamburgh

Foot.

106.38

Sweden

Foot.

102.73

Lisbon

Foot.

92.73

Venice

Foot.

87.71

Malta

Foot.

107.52

 

 

 

Foreign Weights, with their English equivalents.

COUNTRY Weights Equal to 1-Cwt. British. COUNTRY. Weights. Equal to 1-Cwt. British.

Alexandria

Rottolo for Pound Flem.

119.84

Malta

Rottolo

64.17

 

 

Naples

Cantaro grosso

56.99

Amsterdam

50.79

 

 

Algiers

Rottolo

94.12

Persia

Batman

88.31

Barcelona

Pound.

126.97

Portugal

Pound.

110.68

Cairo

Rottolo

117.89

Prussia

Pound.

108.60

China

Catty

84.00

Riga

Pound.

121.51

Constantinople

Oke

39.53

Rotterdam

Pound.

102.82

Copenhagen

Pound.

101.55

Russia

Pound.

124.08

Cyprus

Rottolo

21.35

Sardinia

Pound.

128.00

Dantzic

Pound.

108.42

Sicily

Pound.

160.00
France

Livre usuelle Pound heavy

 101.59

Smyrna

Pound.

39.53

Spain

Pound.

110.40
Geneva

145.69

Sweden

Pound.

149.33

Trieste

Pound.

90.75

Hamburgh

Pound.

104.86

Tripoli

Pound.

100.00

Japan

Catty.

86.15

Tunis

Pound.

100.85

Leghorn

Pound.

149.61

Venice

Pound.

50.79

Madeira

Pound.

110.79

 

 

 

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